美国高校社会服务工作对我国高校草坪科学学科建设的启示

除了教学和科研工作外,大部分美国高校对农业类学科包括草坪学科的专业师资在职责要求方面还有重要的一项-"Extension",即社会服务。社会服务的工作量因人而异,但总体来看基本都做到了"分配到人";除了专业教师,学校对于学生也要求或鼓励其参与各类校内外拓展活动。这与我国高校教师社会服务(或专业拓展)工作,以及基于此提出的"产学研"等类似的工作模式都有较大不同。草坪科学是一门新兴的学科,应用性较强,知识生产和知识创新都离不开实践。因此从学术驱动的内因和大学的价值来讲,大学的社会服务工作是极其重要的。本文简略介绍美国高校草坪科学教师的社会服务工作情况,希望能够对我国的草坪科学学科建设以及师资组建和培养提供参考。     

Effect of forsythiaside A on immune function in rats with ulcerative colitis

AIM To investigate the effect of forsythiaside A (FA) on immune function in rats with ulcerative colitis and its related mechanism. METHODS Healthy SD rats were randomly divided into 5 groups: control group (no treatment, normal feeding), model group (establishment of rat ulcerative colitis model), and low, medium and high doses of FA groups (treatment of the model rats with FA at 5 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg and 80 mg/kg, respectively). The malondialdehyde (MDA) content and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in rat colon tissues were measured by colorimetry, and the serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-2 (IL-2) and IL-4 were detected by ELISA. The spleen index and thymus index, the percentages of CD3⁺, CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T-lymphocytes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells （PBMC）, the serum IgA and IgG levels, and the serum complement C3 and C4 levels were also determined. RESULTS The colon tissues of the rats in model group showed obvious inflammation and ulceration, indicating that the animal model was successfully established. Compared with model group, the colonic inflammation and ulceration were significantly attenuated in FA groups, among which the high dose had the best effect. Compared with control group, the spleen index and thymus index of the rars in model group were decreased (P<0.05), MDA content in colon tissues was increased (P<0.05), and SOD activity in colon tissues was decreased (P<0.05). The levels of CD3⁺, CD4⁺, CD8⁺ and CD4⁺/CD8⁺ T-lymphocytes in PBMC, and the serum levels of C3, C4 and IL-4 were decreased (P<0.05), while the serum levels of IgA, IgG, TNF-α, and IL-2 were increased in model group as compared with control group. Furthermore, the spleen index and thymus index of the rats in FA groups were increased (P<0.05), the MDA content in the colon tissues was decreased (P<0.05), and the SOD activity in the colon tissues was increased (P<0.05). The levels of CD3⁺, CD4⁺, CD8⁺ and CD4⁺/CD8⁺ T-lymphocytes in PBMC, and the serum levels of C3, C4 and IL-4 were increased (P<0.05), while serum IgA, IgG, TNF-α and IL-2 levels were decreased in FA groups as compared with model group (P<0.05). CONCLUSION Forsythiaside A effectively attenuates the colonic lesions in rats with ulcerative colitis, and its mechanism may be related to reinforcement of oxygen free radical scavenging power, alleviation of inflammatory response, and enhancement of immune function.     

Advance in study of batokines

Brown adipose tissue is a type of adipose tissue and is present in all mammals. It is not only the main site for adaptive thermogenesis in vivo, but also secretes and releases many cytokines in the form of endocrine to regulate a variety of metabolic processes and prevent and treat obesity and metabolic diseases. Therefore, identification of the types and effects of brown adipocytokines (batokines) may be crucial for the treatment of a variety of obesity-related metabolic diseases. Based on the latest research progress, batokines and their functions are reviewed.     

注射多巴胺对中华绒螯蟹打斗行为的影响

选同一家系规格相似、健康有活力的中华绒螯蟹新品种“光合1号”1龄雄蟹100只,分为4组,放入直径20 cm、高40 cm PE管(底部均匀钻12个直径为5 mm的孔洞)中,PE管置于120 L水槽中。用2个不透明烧杯将2只中华绒螯蟹分别倒扣于试验容器中,置于PE管两侧1 h。在中华绒螯蟹第三步足的动脉膜中分别注射20μL生理盐水(对照组),10^-8 mol、10-7 mol和10-6 mol的多巴胺液,利用闭路摄像头记录4 h内2只中华绒螯蟹打斗时长、次数、打斗分数及胜负关系等指标。打斗结束后,迅速取出中华绒螯蟹血淋巴,用ELISA酶联免疫法测定多巴胺含量。试验结果显示,对照组中华绒鳌蟹打斗时间最长,与各注射组差异显著(P<0.05);注射组中,随注射量的增加,打斗时长下降。对照组中华绒螯蟹打斗强度低于10^-8 mol组,高于其他注射组,与各注射组间差异显著(P<0.05)。注射组中,随注射多巴胺量升高,打斗强度下降,10^-8 mol组打斗强度最高,各组间差异显著(P<0.05)。对照组打斗次数与10-7 mol组差异不显著(P>0.05),与其余各组差异显著(P<0.05)。注射组中,随注射量的增加,打斗次数下降,10^-8 mol组与其余各组差异显著(P<0.05),10-7 mol组与10-6 mol组差异不显著(P>0.05)。打斗结束后,胜利方体内多巴胺含量与正常水平差异不显著(P>0.05),但显著高于失败方(P<0.05)。试验结果表明,注射多巴胺极显著影响中华绒螯蟹打斗行为(P<0.01),随多巴胺注射量的升高,中华绒螯蟹打斗行为整体下降。     

不同基质配比对温室番茄幼苗生长及叶绿素荧光参数的影响

以番茄品种"福美十号"为材料,采用随机区组试验设计,研究不同基质配比对番茄幼苗生长与叶片叶绿素荧光参数的影响。结果表明:采用A3[V(草炭)∶V(玉米秸秆)∶V(牛粪)∶V(食用菌下脚料)∶V(蛭石)=1∶2∶0.5∶0.5∶1]的基质配比,幼苗在出苗率、株高、茎粗、叶片数和根冠比等性状上表现最优,分别为98.25%、44.60 cm、0.50 cm、9.12片与7.95;叶片光系统Ⅱ(PSIⅡ)原初光能转化效率(Fv/Fm)与PSⅡ潜在活性(Fv/Fo)的值在幼苗生长前期、中期和末期也均为最高,Fv/Fm值分别为0.82、0.74和0.79,Fv/Fo值分别为3.92、2.97和3.23;其叶片内丙二醛(MDA)含量最低为6.02μmol/g,其根系活力最强、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)与可溶性蛋白含量等指标最高,分别为158.26μg/(g·h)、386.23 U/g、6.26 U/(g·min)和0.203 mg/g,显著高于其他处理。说明采用处理A3的基质配比更适宜于番茄幼苗的生长。     

河西走廊戈壁温室番茄无土栽培基质筛选

为提高番茄无土栽培质量,以番茄品种"金福莱"为试材,研究了6种不同配比基质对河西走廊温室无土栽培番茄生长的影响。结果表明:采用处理Ⅳ(沙∶玉米秸秆∶食用菌下脚料∶商品基质∶鸡粪=4∶5∶5∶6∶3)的基质配比(体积比),番茄光合速率、蒸腾速率、胞间CO_2和气孔导度数值最大,植株保持较强的生长势与结果能力,番茄株高、茎粗、单株结果数、单株产量和折合667 m~2产量等性状均显著优于其他处理,分别为178.60 cm、1.13 cm、16.36个、3.12 kg和7 531.68 kg;其果实的可溶性糖、可滴定酸、可溶性固形物、VC和番茄红素含量最高,分别为4.15%、0.58%、7.30%、302.2 mg/kg和152.4 mg/kg,明显优于其他处理;因此,在河西走廊戈壁温室番茄无土栽培中推荐使用此配比基质。     

一种播补一体化新型马铃薯播种机的设计与试验

现有马铃薯漏播补偿方案普遍需附加补偿种箱及单独设置补偿排种通道，导致系统结构复杂、补偿种薯落点偏差较大。为此，本研究提出了基于单向离合器的播补一体化马铃薯播种机新方案。该方案排种链轮正常播种使用地轮动力，而补偿状态在单向离合器协调下转移至补偿专用电动机，补偿完成后则继续恢复至地轮。基于此，在计算所需时间内，采用后一取种勺上的种薯直接追赶前一缺种位置的追赶式补偿方案，可以使补偿种薯也在原排种通道中运动，独立的补偿种薯专用通道不再需要，从而使系统结构简化、可靠性提高。样机田间试验表明，所采用的红外辐射排种监测系统误判率不超过1‰，系统平均自然漏播率对排种速度不敏感，漏播补偿成功率随着排种链速度的增加而快速降低，但即使达到正常排种链速最高值0.8 m·s^-1，依然有平均74%以上的漏播能被成功补偿，系统平均最终漏播率不足平均自然漏播率的1/4，漏播补偿作用效果明显。     

Rapid detection of potato late blight using a loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay

Potato late blight caused by Phytophthora infestans is one of the most destructive plant diseases that threaten global food security. Early and effective diagnosis of P. infestans is required before disease management decisions are made. Here, we developed a quick protocol to detect P. infestans based on a loop-mediated isothermal amplification(LAMP) assay. The P. infestans specific multiple copy DNA sequences(PiSMC), a transposon-like element, provides an ideal target for molecular detection of this pathogen. We designed highly specific and sensitive primers allowing effective LAMP detection of the pathogen at 64℃ in 70 min. In the validation assay, all 15 P. infestans isolates collected from China, Europe and South America could be positively detected, but results of the other 9 Phytophthora species infecting different plants, fungal and bacterial plant pathogens tested were negative. The detection limit of this assay is 1 pg P. infestans DNA. Moreover, the LAMP-PiSMC assay is able to detect P. infestans from infected leaves, tubers and soil. Taken together, this study reports the development of a specific and sensitive LAMP-PiSMC assay for early diagnosis of potato late blight.     

广西家蚕血液型脓病发病因子及其病原分子系统发育分析

[目的]明确病原[家蚕核型多角体病毒(BmNPV)]、寄主(家蚕品种)和环境条件(温湿度)的相关性并掌握BmNPV的感染力差异及传播规律,为蚕业生产上有效防控家蚕血液型脓病提供科学依据.[方法]测定从广西不同蚕区和不同季节收集的BmNPV毒株在不同温湿度条件下对不同家蚕品种的半数致死浓度(LC50),调查病原、寄主和环境条件三者对家蚕血液型脓病发生的影响;并基于bro-a和bro-c基因序列构建不同来源BmNPV毒株的系统发育进化树及进行相似性和遗传距离分析.[结果]15株不同来源BmNPV毒株对家蚕品种两广二号的LC50为2.1×106~4.2×106多角体/mL,毒株间的差异不显著(P>0.05);不同BmNPV毒株在不同环境条件[春季(温度25℃和湿度90%)、夏季(温度35℃和湿度95%)、秋季(温度30℃和湿度85%)]下对家蚕的LC50排序均表现为春季>秋季>夏季,在夏季和秋季条件下,不同蚕品种对BmNPV的感染抵抗力排序为桂蚕N2>两广二号>桂蚕2号,桂蚕N2对BmNPV的感染抵抗力显著高于两广二号和桂蚕2号(P<0.05).不同BmNPV毒株在基于bro-a和bro-c基因序列构建的系统发育进化树上均聚在同一分支上,不同BmNPV毒株间的bro-a基因序列相似性很高、遗传距离较小,但不同BmNPV毒株间的bro-c基因序列相似度相对低、遗传距离相对较大.[结论]温湿度条件是广西蚕区家蚕血液型脓病发生的重要因子,且血液型脓病的发生流行与家蚕品种抗性也有密切关系.     

Screening of diverse cassava genotypes based on nitrogen uptake efficiency and yield

As one of the top three tuber crops of the world, cassava is a staple food and feed crop for tropical and subtropical regions. Because of its high drought resistance and tolerance to nutrient deficiency, cassava is usually cultivated on hilly areas that are nutrient-poor. Nitrogen(N) is one of the significant factors affecting cassava yield. A double factorial(N level×genotypes) split-plot field experiment was conducted to analyze differences in yield and N accumulation of 25 cassava genotypes under low-N conditions to screen for cassava genotypes with high-N efficiency. The two-year field experiment showed that cassava yield and N accumulation are determined by specific genotypes, soil N levels, and year. Among these factors, soil N levels are the main factors that are responsible for differences in cassava yield. When yield and relative N accumulation under low-N conditions were used as screening markers, we identified an efficient and responsive genotype(SC10), and two inefficient and non-responsive genotypes(SC205 and GR5). The efficient and responsive genotype and the inefficient and non-responsive genotype can be used as study materials to further reveal the mechanisms for high-N efficiency in cassava.